![]() ![]() When GABA+ and Glx were related to CBF via multiple linear regression, Glx was identified as the main contributor to the model. We observed expected differences in GABA+, Glx, and CBF between younger and older participants in pre-SMA, a frontal domain-general region. To address these questions, we recruited 10 younger and 12 older cognitively intact participants to collect GABA and Glx using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), CBF using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), VO2max as a measure of cardiorespiratory fitness using the YMCA submax test, and cognitive and motor-cognitive measures using a battery of behavioral assessments. Further, how cardiorespiratory fitness may impact aging neurophysiology and cognition is not well understood. Within the context of flow-metabolism coupling, the critical question is how these neurophysiological parameters interplay, resulting in cognitive decline. While cerebral blood flow (CBF) is critical for the supply of nutrients to the tissue, the brain’s major neurotransmitters (i.e., gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA, and glutamate-glutamine complex, Glx) are closely linked to oxidative metabolism. The primary objective of this study is to advance our basic understanding of how cardiorespiratory fitness and neurophysiological attributes relate to cognitive decline. Older adults typically experience a decline in cognitive function, but improvements in physical health and lifestyle can be neuroprotective across the human lifespan. These findings suggest that higher-order cognitive and linguistic abilities facilitate the top-down restoration of missing speech information and contribute to individual variability in perceptual restoration. Generally, silent gap conditions were related to and predicted by a broader range of cognitive abilities, whereas noise burst conditions were related to working memory capacity and inhibitory control. Results indicated that working memory was the most reliable predictor of perceptual restoration ability, followed by lexical knowledge, and inhibitory control and processing speed. Sixty-three adult participants with self-reported normal hearing completed a short cognitive and linguistic battery before listening to sentences interrupted by silent gaps or noise bursts. ![]() Additionally, the role of context and everyday speech was investigated using high-context, low-context, and realistic speech corpi to explore these effects. This study examined whether listeners aged 22–63 (mean age 42 years) with better cognitive and linguistic abilities would be better able to perceptually restore missing speech information than those with poorer scores. However, when the acoustic signal is degraded, top-down cognitive and linguistic abilities, such as working memory capacity, lexical knowledge (i.e., vocabulary), inhibitory control, and processing speed can often support speech understanding. When speech is clear, speech understanding is a relatively simple and automatic process. In nutshell, the result of this study suggests using a female voice for robots in noisy conditions, as in the case of simultaneously speaking robots, can significantly improve the retrieval of presented information in human subjects. Both male and female subjects performed significantly better with a female voice in a noisy background. Contrarily, when a female voice was used, a lower pitch resulted in significantly better memory in participants than a higher pitch. when a male voice was used, a higher pitch resulted in significantly better memory performance than a lower pitch. The results indicate that the pitch and gender of the speaking voice do indeed affect our memory of the presented information. In this study, we investigated whether manipulating the pitch and gender of the robot’s voice could affect human subjects’ memory of the presented information in the presence of background noise. Hence, presenting a piece of information in two different languages at the same time by the robot creates an adverse listening condition for both individuals listening to the speech of such a bilingual robot. However, the negative effect of background noise on speech comprehension in humans is well-established. A social robot capable of presenting a piece of information in more than one language at the same time to its audience is the goal of this line of study. The high cost of hiring human attendants fluent in several languages makes using social robots a more affordable alternative in international gatherings. As a result, the need for communicative agents fluent in several languages to assist those people is highlighted. With fast and reliable international transportation, more people with different language backgrounds can interact now. ![]()
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